I. Overview
The stadium lighting design is mainly to meet the needs of sports such as football, track and field, rugby and hockey. Football is not only on the ground, but also in the space of 10~30m from the ground. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain a certain brightness in all directions of a certain space height. Generally, the light distribution in the space below 15 m above the soccer field is very uniform.
Most of the track and field competitions are carried out within a height of about 3 m from the ground. The lighting of such sports facilities is mainly to meet the requirements of uniform light distribution on the ground. Javelin, discus, hammer and other items can be up to 20 meters in height. Originally, such projects were not held at night, but now these sports are held at night, and often they are finals or qualifiers. Therefore, site lighting must meet the needs of such projects.
Football, hockey and other sports are not popular in China. If necessary, please refer to the relevant materials, and I won't go into details here.
In order to be suitable for the live broadcast of color televisions, especially for high-definition television broadcasts, the brightness ratio between the athletes and the venue and the audience should be required to have a certain value.
Second, the stadium lighting requirements
To do a stadium lighting design, designers must first understand and master the stadium lighting requirements: there should be sufficient illumination and illumination uniformity, no glare lighting, appropriate shadow effects, correctness of the source chromaticity parameters, etc. For standard indicators, please refer to the author's other article (see Binghuahuadian) for a qualitative description.
1 illumination requirement
Color TV broadcast lighting should be based on the vertical illuminance of the venue. The venue lighting must generally meet the requirements of athletes, spectators and cameras. For this purpose, horizontal illumination, vertical illumination, and brightness when the camera is shooting a panoramic picture are required to maintain consistent consistency. The ratio of brightness changes between athletes, venues and audiences must not exceed a certain value in order to accommodate color television camera requirements.
The color TV broadcast requires higher illumination than the black-and-white TV. The illumination required for the HDTV broadcast is higher than that of the standard-definition color TV broadcast. The ultra-high-definition TV broadcast is also under trial, and the lighting requirements will be higher. In addition, the illuminance is closely related to the frame of the TV picture, and the illumination is low. Therefore, the TV broadcast is limited to the panoramic view; if the illumination is high, both the panoramic view and the close-up shot can be taken, so that the television broadcast is more vivid.
2 illuminance uniformity
The requirement for uniformity is mainly due to the requirements of the TV camera, and the disproportionate uniformity also brings visual pain to the athletes and the audience. The illuminance uniformity specifies the ratio of the minimum illuminance (Emin) to the maximum illuminance (Emax) on the surface (U1), the ratio of the minimum illuminance (Emin) to the average illuminance (Eave) (U2). Uniformity is used to control the viewing conditions across the site, and U1 facilitates viewing functionality. U2 is good for visual comfort.
The average illuminance measured in the range of 1.0-1.5 m high on the playing field perpendicular to the main direction of the lens axis should be no less than 1400 lx, and actually 1000 lx is also possible for photography.
For a stadium with a considerable area (such as the track plus the runway, the area is 120m × 200m), the uniformity of the horizontal illumination is not as uniform as the football field. It is necessary to maintain the illuminance gradient required for the broadcast, and to meet the requirements of uniformity of illumination, in order to ensure that the TV camera can capture high-quality television pictures.
The faster the athlete's movements and the smaller the exercise equipment, the stricter the requirements for vertical illumination, illumination uniformity and illumination gradient.
When color football games are played, the illuminance change rate between adjacent grid points on the horizontal or vertical plane should not exceed 20% per 5m, and should not exceed 50% when non-color TV broadcasts.
3 brightness and glare
The role of the TV camera is somewhat similar to that of human vision. Both the camera and the human eye use the intensity of the perceived illumination as the brightness. Therefore, the contrast of the picture and its background are the most important for the picture quality. On the one hand, due to the lack of sufficient contrast, good pictures cannot be obtained; on the other hand, because it is difficult to deal with light and shade, it also hinders the production of high quality pictures.
Brightness and glare are important for the visual comfort of athletes and spectators. Considering the need to avoid too dark backgrounds, some of the light should be directed at the stands. The average illuminance of the seats on the auditorium should meet the requirements of 100 lx. The illumination of the countertop should not be lower than 200 lx. The vertical illumination of the audience in the first 12 rows (15 rows) of the competition area should not be less than 25% of the vertical illumination of the venue. This not only reduces the glare of the audience on the opposite side of the stand, but also makes the picture quality more favorable because of the bright background of the TV.
In general, glare is largely determined by the brightness of the lighting fixture, the solid angle of the fixture arrangement, the area of ​​the illumination, the angle between the orientation of the fixture and the normal viewing direction, the brightness of the lighting fixture, and the background brightness of the fixture. The relationship between the relationship and the conditions of the human eye adaptation (mainly determined by the brightness of the field of view) is determined by a series of factors. If you want to get comfortable viewing conditions, you must make the direct brightness in the field of view not exceed a certain brightness value that the background can rely on.
The problem of glare can be solved by coordinating the contradiction between the audience and the athletes. This coordination is done by the designer, that is, the light distribution of the floodlight , the installation scheme, the height of the suspension, and other factors should be considered in the design. Wide beam floodlights are easy to achieve uniformity of the field, but will increase the glare of the audience on the stands. Therefore, the combination of medium beam and narrow beam spotlights is appropriate to solve the glare problem. The classification of the floodlights and the relationship of the beam angles are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Classification of Spotlights
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4 shadow effect
Bright contrast and shadows at the same time hinder the correct adjustment of the TV camera, which will affect the quality of the TV picture. Too dark will also reduce the comfort of the visual. On the other hand, the shadow is very important for TV broadcasts and the audience, especially when there is a fast-moving high-speed passing football game. If there is shadow, the audience far from the ball can't track the target. .
The spotlight can be fine-tuned while avoiding the adverse effects of lighting that can improve or eliminate the effects of shadows. But for stadiums with canopies, the shadows in the sun are hard to avoid, although the use of artificial lighting to fill the light does not help.
Figure 14-2 Shadow of the daylight at the Allianz Arena in Munich
5 color correction
Color correction is important for both viewers and color TV broadcasts. The color temperature of the TV camera can be adjusted in a wide range, and the TV can be broadcasted using a light source with a color temperature of 3000-6000K. However, the stadium is an outdoor playground. When choosing a light source, consider the color temperature of daylight, ie 5000-6000K. This can happen, the game starts in daylight, and ends in the cold, ie under cold lighting (usually the term "all weather" is used to describe this). Under the dual light of sunset and artificial illumination, the daylight color temperature is required to be consistent with the color temperature of the artificial illumination source, so that the TV camera can perform continuous relaying, and the smooth transition from daylight to artificial illumination.
Metal halide lamps are widely used in site lighting, and have a color temperature of 4000 to 6000K, which can fully meet the needs of outdoor color TV broadcast. In recent years, LED has been experimentally applied in the field lighting, and the effect is good. It has a great tendency to replace the metal halide lamp, and the color temperature requirement is more broad, but the research on color rendering is still in progress.
6 maintenance factor and atmospheric absorption coefficient
The ratio of the average illuminance or average brightness of a illuminating device on a prescribed surface after using a certain period of time to the average illuminance or average brightness obtained on the same surface when the device is newly installed under the same conditions is called a maintenance factor. For the calculation of the maintenance factor during lighting calculation, see the first section of this chapter. The outdoor stadium lighting calculation should also account for the atmospheric absorption coefficient of 5% to 15%, mainly considering the absorption, reflection, scattering and other factors of air to the light, thus lighting influences. The atmospheric absorption coefficient and the maintenance factor are different concepts, but they are often considered in the project. The "Sports Building Design Code" JGJ31-2003 requires that the outdoor maintenance factor should be 0.55, and the 30% atmospheric absorption coefficient is also included, which will cause a large waste. Taking the comprehensive stadium as an example, if a stadium does not consider the maintenance factor, 350 sets of 2000W metal halide lamps can be used to meet the requirements. Considering the maintenance factor of 0.7, the amount of lamps used is 350/0.7=500 sets, if the maintenance factor and atmosphere The absorption coefficient is based on JGJ31-2003, which is 350/(0.55x0.7)=909 sets of lamps. 909-500=409 sets of lamps are added more than the above values, and the cable, power distribution, load, etc. need to be increased accordingly. Maintenance costs and workload have also increased a lot. At present, the "Sports Building Design Code" is being revised, and it is believed that the terms on the atmospheric absorption coefficient will be revised.
On the other hand, it is not appropriate to ignore the atmospheric absorption coefficient. In particular, areas with heavy fog and haze should pay more attention to the influence of the atmosphere. Still taking the above stadium as an example, if the atmospheric absorption coefficient is 10%, the number of 2000W metal halide lamps used in the stadium should be 350/0.7×(1-10%)=556 sets, so as to ensure good illumination on the site. The site lighting calculation of the National Stadium "Bird's Nest" takes 10% of the atmospheric absorption coefficient.
Third, the requirements for other aspects of lighting quality
1 three-dimensional
The three-dimensional effect refers to the effect produced when light is irradiated on an object (ie, an athlete and a sports apparatus), so that the details and contours of the object can be clearly seen. For example, when judging distance and speed, it depends largely on the clear recognition of the shape of the object. To achieve a good three-dimensional sense, you must have light from all sides of the object, but not absolutely uniform. The three-dimensional sense should be well grasped. If there is no three-dimensional sense, the TV picture broadcasted will be stiff and dull. Over-emphasizing the three-dimensional sense will produce a drama effect similar to that of the key illumination. The illuminated people and objects will produce more serious bright spots and Shadows, TV broadcasts will not be clear, and the broadcast effect will be greatly discounted. For important events, you need to take the three-dimensional problem seriously. Taking the Olympic Games as an example, the site illumination is required to be illuminated from different directions into the site, and the ratio of the minimum and maximum values ​​of the vertical illumination in each of the four directions (parallel to the edge and the bottom line) of each calculation point in the site is not less than 0.6.
2 stroboscopic effect
The stroboscopic effect is that when the light is changed by a certain frequency, the motion of the object is observed to be different from the actual motion. The usual expressions are jitter and flashing. The stroboscopic effect has a great impact on TV broadcast. It is conceivable that if TV pictures appear jittery or flashing, TV viewers will be unacceptable, and television broadcasting and television broadcasting rights will be greatly affected. Especially in the era of LED lighting, the stroboscopic effect is more prominent, which greatly affects the effect of the broadcast, especially for HDTV broadcast and slow motion.
The quantitative study of the international stroboscopic effect is still in its infancy, and its definition has not yet been agreed, and there are different definition methods. The 10th edition of The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America's IES Lighting Handbook gives two concepts that describe the stroboscopic effect. The stroboscopic ratio is one of the methods for describing the stroboscopic effect, that is, the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of the output light flux at a certain frequency is greater than the sum of the maximum and minimum values ​​of the output light flux, expressed as a percentage. As shown in Fig. 2, A and B are the maximum and minimum values ​​of the light output in one cycle, respectively, and the stroboscopic ratio Rf = (AB) / (A + B). The stroboscopic ratio is described in Table 2. Therefore, the strobe ratio of the site lighting to 6% will have a slight impact on TV broadcast, which can be used as the limit for the strobe effect of high-level events.
Table 2 Description of stroboscopic ratio
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Another method for describing the stroboscopic effect is the stroboscopic index, that is, the ratio of the portion A1 above the light output average to the entire light output (A1+A2) in one cycle, that is, FI=A1/(A1+A2), Its value is from 0 to 1.0. The stroboscopic index requires an integral calculation, which is cumbersome to use.
Figure 2 Description of the stroboscopic effect
In order to reduce the stroboscopic effect, a three-phase power supply can be used to tap different lamps that are illuminated in the same illumination area on the power supply loops of different phase sequences, that is, three identical points. When using a large number of wide beam luminaires, the above requirements are almost naturally achieved, but when using narrow beam luminaires, it is necessary to project in three phases in a three-phase combination.
The use of high-frequency electronic ballasts can also eliminate or mitigate the stroboscopic effect, but electronic ballasts can only be used for medium and small-power metal halide lamps, and high-power metal halide lamps have no mature products.
The ultra-slow lens playback area can be LED lights and can be powered by a DC system. However, due to the limitations and economics of the DC power distribution system, it can only be used in local important areas.
3 number of lamps
The use of large luminaires can reduce the number of floodlights, but in most cases it is not possible to illuminate the light sufficiently uniform from the standpoint of uniformity requirements, and it is certainly impossible to achieve uniformity when using narrow beams. . For this reason, it is best to use a variety of light distributions and use suitable power lamps.
For the stadium, more than 2000W metal halide lamps are used. Large stadiums use narrow beam and ultra-narrow beam lamps, and are equipped with appropriate medium beam lamps. The total number of dedicated football field lamps is generally less than 300 sets. The requirements of the World Cup. The comprehensive stadium lighting fixtures will be more than 400 sets. There are also a few stadiums that use 1500W, 1800W metal halide lamps, and the number of lamps will be more. Large-scale sports competitions, such as the Olympic Games, sometimes use temporary lighting systems. Figure 3 shows the temporary lighting system of the Panathinaiko Stadium at the 2004 Athens Olympic Games. The stadium is the venue for the modern Olympic Games, the first summer Olympic Games in 1896. It is modern. The birthplace of the Olympic Games. During the Olympic Games, the light source for temporary lighting was 6000W metal halide lamps. Due to the temporary use, this solution is acceptable and the number of lamps will be greatly reduced.
LED lights are gradually being applied in stadium lighting, and there is a trend of rapid popularity. The number and power of lamps will be greatly reduced. Limited to technology and cost factors, it is currently used in lower-ranking stadiums. Figure 4 shows the outdoor venue of Shantou University. The lamps are provided by Musco. The small football field uses 8 sets of 96W LED lights. The height of the pole is 15m and the average illumination is 100lx. The outdoor volleyball court also uses 8 sets of 96W LED lights. The height is also 15m, the average illumination is 140lx; the outdoor single-piece basketball court uses 4 sets of 96W LED lights, the light pole is 12m high, the average illumination is higher than 100lx; the tennis court is 15m high, and the single-piece venue uses 16 sets of 96W. The LED lights have an average illumination of 500lx; the other tennis court is two venues, with 24 sets of 96W LED lights, the poles are also 15m high, and the average illumination is over 400lx. Figure 5 shows the Beijing Workers Stadium Guoan Football Driving Range. The venue is a standard 11-person venue. It uses 96 sets of 180W LED lights, two side lights, a total of 6 light poles, and 16 lights on each pole. The total installed power is 17.28kW.
Figure 4 Shantou University Outdoor Venue
Figure 5 Beijing Workers Stadium Driving Range
4 directionality of the luminaire
Describe the direction of illumination of the luminaire, such as projection angle, aiming angle, depression angle, elevation angle, etc. The aiming angle is a standard term, which is stipulated in many standards in China. The revised "Sports Hall Lighting Design and Testing Standards" attempts to standardize These terms and words. In Fig. 6, the aiming angle of the lamp is the angle between the aiming direction of the lamp (the direction of the main light intensity) and the vertical line. If the aiming angle is larger, the vertical surface illumination Ev is larger, and the glare of the athlete and the audience is increased. . Conversely, if the projection angle of the luminaire is smaller, the vertical illuminance is smaller, and it is not easy to meet the requirements of television broadcasting. Therefore, at the time of design, the projection angle of the luminaire is preferably between 25° and 65°.
Figure 6 illuminator aiming angle
5 light source and lamp selection
The selection of stadium lighting sources should be considered from the aspects of light efficiency, life, color temperature, color rendering, investment and operation. At present, metal halide lamps are used in stadiums, and LED lamps are also used. Metal halide lamp is the best light source for stadium lighting. It is suitable for color TV broadcasting. This light source is convenient for controlling beam, high light efficiency (50-110lm/W) and good color rendering (Ra=80-94). . In recent years, the sudden emergence of LED lights in the volume, direction, energy, control and other aspects have an advantage, the development of faster.
The lamps used in stadium lighting are mainly spotlights. Pay attention to the following technical parameters of the floodlight: total luminous flux of the lamp, lamp efficiency, effective luminous flux of the lamp, effective efficiency of the lamp, peak light intensity, overflow light, and light-shielding angle of the lamp.
If LED lights are used, in addition to the above factors, consider the color tolerance, chromaticity coordinates, special color rendering index R9, stroboscopic ratio and other parameters.
To choose a metal halide lamp, first consider the width of the beam and the shape of the spot. Floodlights can be classified into three types according to optical performance. First of all, circular floodlights, used for long-range projection, must use high-intensity beams. Combining a parabolic arc reflector with a small volume and high brightness source makes it easy to obtain a high intensity beam. The beam formed by this method is tapered, and the spot projected on the field is elliptical. Secondly, rectangular floodlights are used for close projection. It is best to use a horizontally wide beam luminaire when projecting the field at close range. A reflector with a parabolic arc-shaped profile can be used, with a linear light source, and the beam is fan-shaped. Third, snail-shaped floodlights are used for mid-range projection. A circular or trough reflector can be used to diffuse the beam to achieve coverage of the mid-range projection. It is more economical to use a wide beam lamp when the spotlight is close to the illuminated surface. The farther the distance is, the narrower the beam is, and the higher the utilization degree is.
The LED lamp adopts a lens to break through the original reflector, and the directionality is more excellent, and the light distribution is more diverse and flexible.
Fourth, the layout and installation of lighting fixtures
1 corner arrangement
The four-corner luminaires are arranged in a concentrated manner with the poles at the corners of the competition venue. Until today, the lighting facilities of many stadiums are arranged in four corners. Four light poles are set at the four corners of the venue. The tower height is generally 35-60m, and narrow beam lamps are commonly used. This type of arrangement is suitable for football venues with no canopy or low canopy height. In this way, the lighting utilization rate is low, the maintenance and repair is difficult, and the cost is high. The position of the suitable pole is shown in Figure 7. The angle between the lowest row of projectors and the center of the field should be no less than 25° to determine the height of the pole. Therefore, the distance of the pole from the center of the site is different. The height is also different, see Table 3; the midpoint of the bottom line of the course is 10° outward from the bottom line of the field (there is a TV angle of 15°), and the intersection of the midpoint of the course edge and the edge line at an angle of 5° outward. The position of the light pole is arranged in the triangular area formed by the rear extension line. By using a variety of different beam angle projections, a suitable illumination distribution can be formed on the field.
Note: h is the vertical distance from the bottom of the lamp to the field, and the actual height of the pole is the height of the bottom row of the lamp.
But today televisions need to have a higher and uniform vertical illumination, and the angle of light required to be incident on a farther portion of the field is much less than a prescribed limit. The effect of the higher brightness obtained with large gas discharge lamps, combined with the high height of a conventional light source (a type of light pole), inevitably produces excessive glare. The shortcoming of this type of four-corner lamp type is that the visual change of different viewing directions is larger and the shadow is deeper. From the color TV broadcast, it is difficult to control the vertical illuminance in all directions and control the glare. . In order to meet the Ev/Eh ratio requirements and reduce glare, it is necessary to take some improvement measures for the four-corner lighting method.
(1) Move the four corners to the sides and the sides to make a certain vertical illumination on the opposite side of the field and the four corners.
(2) Increase the number of floodlights on the light pole on the side of the main camera of the TV to enhance the beam projection.
(3) Supplement the light strip illumination on the top of the viewing platform on the side of the main camera of the TV. Pay attention to controlling the glare and should not make the audience at both ends of the venue detect it.
2 multi-bar arrangement
The multi-rod arrangement is a form of arrangement on both sides, and the two sides are arranged in combination with the lamp post or the building horse track, and are arranged in the form of clusters or continuous light strips on both sides of the playing field. As the name suggests, the multi-rod layout is to set up multiple sets of light poles (or light poles) on both sides of the site. See Figure 14-9, which is suitable for football practice venues, tennis courts, etc. Its outstanding advantage is that the electricity consumption is relatively low, and the vertical illumination and the horizontal illumination are better. Due to the low pole, this type of lamp has the advantages of less investment and convenient maintenance.
Figure 8 Multi-rod arrangement
1 - Light pole, 2 - Stadium, 3 - Stand
The poles should be evenly arranged, and 4 towers, 6 towers or 8 towers can be arranged, the projection angle is greater than 25°, and the projection angle to the sideline of the site is not more than 75°.
This kind of cloth light generally uses medium beam and wide beam flood light. If there is a spectator stand, the aiming point layout work should be very detailed. The disadvantage of this kind of cloth lamp is that when the light pole is arranged between the field and the auditorium, the viewer's line of sight is blocked, and it is difficult to eliminate the shadow.
In the football field without television broadcast, the lateral arrangement lighting device adopts multi-rod arrangement, which is economical, as shown in Figure 9. The poles are usually placed on both sides of the field. Generally speaking, the pole height of the multi-bar lamp can be lower than that of the four corners. In order to avoid the line-of-sight interference of the goalkeeper, the midpoint of the goal line is used as the reference point, and the poles cannot be arranged at least 10° on both sides of the bottom line (when there is no TV broadcast).
Figure 9: Side-by-side lighting fixtures without TV broadcasts
4-lateral four-corner; â—-lateral six-tower; 8- lateral eight-tower
The height of the pole of the multi-bar lamp is calculated. The triangle is calculated perpendicular to the course and parallel to the bottom line (see Figure 10), Φ ≥ 25°, and the height of the pole is h ≥ 15m.
Figure 10: Multi-bar light pole height without TV broadcast
The circumstance of the circumference is a special form of multi-bar arrangement, mainly used for the lighting of baseball and softball fields. It is best to use 6 or 8 pole arrangements for the stadium lighting fixtures. The softball courts usually use 4 or 6 pole arrangements. They can also be installed on the raceway above the auditorium. The pole should be located outside the main viewing angle of 20o of the four barrier zones, ie the pole should not be placed in the shaded area in Figure 11. The height of the pole should meet the requirement that the projection angle of the luminaire is not more than 70°. According to the North American standard, the height of the pole is calculated as follows:
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Figure 11 Rod (base) stadium pole position |
3 light belt arrangement
Figure 12 optical belt layout
1 - light belt, 2 - stands, 3 - venue
The light strip arrangement is another form of arrangement on both sides, that is, the lighting system is arranged in rows on the sides of the court to form a continuous light strip, see Fig. 12. The lighting of the light belt is uniform, and the brightness between the athlete and the stadium is relatively good. At present, it is recognized in the world that the lighting method can meet the requirements of color television broadcasting, high-definition television broadcasting and even ultra-high-definition television broadcasting.
The length of the optical belt should exceed 10m above the goal line. For the Grade A and Super-grade comprehensive stadiums, the length of the optical belt is generally not less than 180m, and the projection angle of the luminaire is not lower than 25°. Some stadium lights are very close to the sideline of the site (the angle is above 65°), and the side of the site closer to the light band cannot get enough vertical illumination, so the rear lighting system should be added.
The FIFA FIFA issued a new version of the "Football Field" standard in 2011. The football field lighting has increased the area where the lamps cannot be arranged. It is intended to protect athletes and referees from the effects of glare. The following parts (see Figure 13) cannot Arrange the luminaires: First, centered on the midpoint of the bottom line, when there is a TV broadcast, the space within 15° angles on both sides of the bottom line; when there is no TV broadcast, the space within 10° angles on both sides of the bottom line. Secondly, the center of the venue is 25° behind the corner of the goal. Thirdly, based on the bottom line, the 75° elevation angle outside the forbidden zone and the short side of the forbidden zone extend outward at a 20° angle, except for the area shown in FIG. Of course, the lighting of the integrated stadium is not subject to this limitation, but in the football mode these restricted areas cannot be turned on.
Figure 13 Schematic diagram of the area where the football field should not be arranged
In general, the optical strip layout uses a combination of several different beam angles for projection, a narrow beam for long shots and a medium beam for near projection.
The disadvantage of the optical belt arrangement is that the technique for controlling glare is relatively strict, and the physical feeling of the object is slightly poor.
4 hybrid arrangement
The hybrid arrangement is a lighting method that organically combines four corners and two sides (including multi-rod arrangement and optical belt arrangement). See Figure 14, which is a comparison of lighting technology and lighting effects in large-scale comprehensive stadiums in the world. A good type of cloth light.
Figure 14 Light belt, light pole hybrid arrangement
1—light pole; 2—light strip
The hybrid arrangement has the advantages of two types of lamps, which enhances the sense of solidity, and the vertical illumination and uniformity in four directions are more reasonable, but the degree of glare is increased. At this time, the four corners are often not set independently, but are unified with the structure of the building, so the cost is relatively low.
The spotlights used in the four corners are mostly narrow beams, which solve the problem of long-light projection; the light bands are mostly medium beams and narrow beams, realizing far, medium and near projection. Since it is a hybrid arrangement, the projection angle and azimuth arrangement of the four corners can be appropriately and flexibly processed, the length of the light strip arrangement can be appropriately shortened, and the height of the light strip can be appropriately reduced.
5 civil engineering treatment and installation
The civil works of the stadium are closely related to the entire lighting scheme. When there is no canopy in the auditorium, it is necessary to consider the installation of a separate light bridge or bracket. Whether or not to use a four-corner cloth lamp must also seek the opinions of the urban planning department, and the four-corner and multi-rod type of lamp pattern is closely related to the overall artistic effect of the building. Regardless of whether it is a four-corner, multi-rod, light-belt or hybrid arrangement, the installation, maintenance and overhaul of the luminaires must be considered at the selection stage.
At present, many stadiums in the world use light poles, mostly steel pipes or concrete light poles, and many types of inclined reinforced concrete light poles.
The following are some issues to be noted in the construction and installation of the light pole and the light belt.
(1) Civil construction of the pole
The area of ​​the light stand on the pole (commonly known as the lamp beat) is related to the type and quantity of the floodlights, but there should be room for free choice of the shape and proportion of the lamp holder. The area of ​​the lamp stand should be margined for future expansion.
Although the height of the pole must obey the functional requirements, the structure is reasonable, the construction conditions and local climatic conditions should be carefully considered. Maintenance and overhaul conditions are extremely important. Consider using a lift for maintenance or allowing the entire stand to be lowered to the ground for maintenance. When the height of the pole is greater than 20m, it is recommended to use the electric lifting device for maintenance; when the height of the pole is less than 20m, the ladder can be used for maintenance. It is recommended to set up the ladder cage and set the rest platform at the corresponding height.
In coastal areas and areas with salt spray corrosion, salt-proof reinforced concrete poles or galvanized steel poles should be preferred to avoid exposed steel frame.
There are three situations in which a light pole is related to a building:
1) When the light pole is independent of the building, the structural foundation is well treated, but the projection distance is relatively long, and the height of the pole is required to be high;
2) When the light pole is attached to the building, the structural foundation needs to be treated separately. The light pole is connected to the building;
3) When the light pole is attached to the overall combination of the building, it can handle the aesthetic problem well. The possibility of adopting such a programme should be given priority.
(2) Civil construction of the light belt
The light strips are generally arranged in one or two layers of light-emitting luminaires. If the arrangement is difficult, the back-light strips should be used as a supplement.
The light strips on both sides are not necessarily consistent in size, or height, from the center of the field, but the angles projected to the center of the field should preferably be approximately equal. For the track and field, the light strips on both sides are generally not symmetrical, because the west side of the straight road and the track finish line are to be reinforced, and the number of lamps will be more than the east side.
The light belt is generally located on the light bridge or the horse road. According to the provisions of Article 8.4.3 of JGJ 354-2014 of the "Electrical Design Code for Sports Buildings", the horse road should have sufficient operation space, the width should not be less than 800mm, and protection should be set. railing. The installation position of the horse track should avoid the obstruction of the lighting by building decoration materials, installation parts, pipelines and structural parts.
There are two situations in which a light belt is related to a building:
1) Using the canopy to set up the light belt, the height of the canopy should be able to meet the functional requirements; currently, the light belt is required to be placed under the canopy instead of at the top of the canopy.
2) Set the optical tape independently. In the absence of a canopy, if the highest row of auditoriums is reasonable in height and distance, a light strip can be placed on the back of the auditorium, and the light strips are placed on separate light bridges. The light bridge layout can be more flexible, but the cost is relatively high. This kind of light stand should be considered together with the civil works. Figure 15 shows the Lambeau Field stadium in GREEN BAY, USA. The lighting system uses four sets of light bridges on both sides of the east and west. Each light bridge is arranged with light strips, and the light bridge is installed in the rear auditorium.
For asymmetrical stadiums, such as a canopy on one side and no canopy on one side, a mixed type of lamp can be used. One side of the canopy is arranged with a light strip, and the side without a canopy can be covered with a light pole.
Figure 15 US LambeauField Stadium
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