Emergency lighting is an important part of the safety guarantee system in modern buildings. The fire emergency lighting discussed in this paper is an important category in the generalized emergency lighting, which has the closest relationship with the masses of people's lives and safety, the most practical application, and the most common electrical design. About 20 of the relevant professional specifications are included in the “mandatory provisionsâ€, which shows their weight in electrical design. A perfect fire emergency lighting design should be strictly implemented in each step of power supply setting, system organization, lighting control mode, wire selection and laying method, lamp selection and installation position, induction direction, safety protection measures, etc. In order to ensure that it can play its due role in a fire emergency. In recent years, the author has been engaged in the review of construction drawings. I have seen some good designs and benefited from them. However, there are still quite a few engineering design quality unsatisfactory, although the superficial principle does not violate the “strong bar†regulations. Can be released, but if you carefully consider the detailed design of each link, and the feedback from the fire department shows that there are more or less such problems, it is worrying. Apart from the subjective factors of designers, objectively because China still lacks a special standard or specification (procedure) for fire emergency lighting design, the nouns, terms, standards and their interpretations used in the existing norms are not unified. It brings a lot of confusion to the designer, and the author also has deep feelings. This article only based on the individual's understanding of the existing relevant norms, combined with the common problems in the review, talk about their own opinions and exchanges with their peers.
First, the difference between fire emergency lighting and non-fire emergency lighting:
When it comes to emergency lighting, most people immediately associate it with the fire situation, but it is not. In 1993, the China Lighting Society No. 1 technical document "Guide to Emergency Lighting Design" was issued, which played a guiding role in the design and implementation of generalized emergency lighting. The "Guide" defines emergency lighting as "lighting for evacuation, safety or continued work in the case of normal lighting system due to power failure failure". It is divided into evacuation lighting, safety lighting and standby lighting according to functions. Fire emergency lighting is one of the categories, but the author believes that fire emergency lighting and generalized or non-fire emergency lighting have the following conceptual differences:
1. The premise of the latter refers to the failure of the normal power supply, and the fire emergency lighting refers to the specific fire situation, and there is no necessary connection with the normal power supply, that is to say, in addition to avoiding electrical secondary fire in the fire. In addition to protecting the firefighters from electric shock and cutting off the non-fire load power in the fire (hereinafter referred to as "cutting non-"), the fire emergency lighting power supply is still based on normal power (or city power), only the mains When the power is lost, it needs to be converted by the backup power supply. That is to say, the power supply may not be powered off or the power is cut off during the fire. The review found that many basic concepts of design are unclear. For example, the application of EPS is often referred to as “the power failure during the fire. The conversion is powered by the EPS," thus ignoring the measures to switch on the emergency lighting power supply without the mains power failure.
2. The difference between the definition of standby lighting: fire standby lighting is clearly defined in the relevant fire protection regulations refers to the fire control room, fire pump room, power distribution room, self-provided diesel generator room, smoke control machine room, communication main machine room and fire Alternate lighting in the room where work is required. In the broad sense of standby lighting, the Guide refers to the part of emergency lighting that is set to ensure normal activities continue when the normal lighting power supply fails. This activity can be production, business, competition, performance, conference, office, etc. Wait. Obviously, the concept of two alternate lightings is quite different. In addition to sharing the backup power supply of the low-profile system of the building, they are two independent power distribution systems, and the requirements for lines, lamps, and control are also different. For example, non-fired standby lighting should be a non-firefighting load, while some projects incorporate it into emergency lighting power supply. If necessary, it is impossible to implement "cutting non-", because it does not need to keep lighting during the fire, the lamp cover and The continuous power supply reliability of the line, without special requirements, does not have to be regarded as the fire emergency lighting design to improve the standard, etc. Of course, fire evacuation lighting can be used as part of normal standby lighting (or transitional lighting), the design can often be treated like this.
3. As for “safe lightingâ€, it refers to the emergency lighting part of the emergency lighting power supply to ensure the safety of people in potential dangers.†Such as hospital operating room, critical patient rescue room, especially dangerous operation For places with specific needs such as places, the power and control of "safe lighting" should be different from the fire standby lighting and normal standby lighting system. It should be used with the equipment of the installation site, and the same backup power source should be used. The fire power supply should be removed without looking at the timing. The fire should be handled according to the actual situation to avoid serious consequences.
In summary, design and review should be careful not to confuse the two concepts of emergency lighting, and to implement unsuitable standards or to make inappropriate comments.
Second, the power supply of fire emergency lighting
The load classification of fire emergency lighting is the same as that of fire equipment in buildings. The reliability requirements of power supply should be the same, but in many subconsciouss, the standard of power supply reliability is often reduced. Here are a few examples:
1. In the review, a low-voltage power distribution system for a high-rise building adopts the scheme of Figure 1. The surface of the emergency lighting busbar is connected to the II section busbar of the mains and diesel-electric power supply. The emergency lighting box is not explicitly required because of the “high regulationsâ€. The power supply should be switched at the end of the dual power supply. It seems to have met the requirements of the primary load. However, after careful analysis, it will be found that once the 2B fails, since the 10KV side is not de-energized, the 1DL does not trip, the diesel-electricity will not start, and the II-section bus will be lost. The power supply can only be put into the busbar 5QF by manually adjusting the load of the two busbars. In this case, the continuous power supply of the emergency lighting busbar will not be guaranteed. If the II section busbar or the 6QF switch or the emergency mother trunk line itself fails, the emergency lighting power supply of the whole building will be completely paralyzed, so there is a great safety hazard. The interpretation of Section 9.1.2 of “High Regulations†is due to the large amount of emergency lighting boxes and the scattered arrangement. It is strictly required to switch between two power sources in each emergency box. But this does not mean that the reliability of the power supply can be reduced to Less than the general standby lighting, "People's Regulations" 11.7.8.2 stipulates that when a self-supplied generator set is provided, one power supply of the standby lighting should be connected to the special circuit of the generator set, and the other channel can be connected to the normal lighting power supply (if When two or more transformers are powered, they should be connected to different parent lines. In 2002, the “Code for Fire Protection Design of Civil Building Wire and Cable†issued by Shanghai Municipality DGJ08-93-2002 specifies the power supply mode for double-power self-cutting boxes at different levels for different fire-rated buildings. “People's Regulations†is 24.9. There are similar provisions in 9,24.9.10, which is necessary. Figure 1 wiring scheme is not reliable enough.
2. The fire pump room inside the multi-storey building is emergency lighting. The continuous power supply time should meet the time required for the fire pump to work in the fire. The strong bar GB. The lighting branch line of the equipment room should be connected to the fire-fighting distribution line, which emphasizes that the reliability of the power supply is equivalent to that of the fire-fighting equipment. During the review, it is often found that the fire pump room lighting is connected to the general lighting circuit, but the lamp uses the emergency light with its own battery, and also indicates “continuous power supply for 30 minutesâ€. The problem is that most of the engineering hours of the fire hydrant pump require no less than 2 hours, while the standard half of the emergency luminaires stipulates that the continuous power supply is 90 minutes, which cannot meet the requirements, and still violates the "strong bar". Some designs are reluctant to make major changes, and the emergency light is changed to work continuously for 120 minutes. This is not a good solution. Luminaires are standard products. When the power supply time is increased, it is necessary to increase the volume and weight. It is not advisable to do or not to be unrealistic. It is recommended that in the project without emergency lighting box, a small air supply can be added to the fire pump box. It should be noted that emergency luminaires (bring your own batteries) are generally only suitable for fire evacuation lighting and not for standby lighting.
3. For a multi-storey building, the fire-fighting power is a three-stage load, and a small-capacity fire pump is installed in the building. The design is to supply a separate loop from the building power distribution box to the fire pump room power and its lighting, which seems to satisfy Low regulation "10.1.3 special line power supply requirements, but there is still the possibility that the main switch will be pulled due to "cutting" when the fire occurs, so the power and lighting of the pump room will lose power, so the most reliable way is still The dedicated line should be connected from the power distribution room of the residential area. Here is a convenient wiring scheme (see Figure 2) for reference. Since the pump room lighting power is drawn from the power line before the main switch, and then through the independent switch protection inside the box, it should be able to meet the requirements. If the fire-fighting electricity is a secondary load, or if there is diesel fuel in the community, this solution is not acceptable.
4. Emergency lighting design of diesel generator room, many projects will lead the lighting power supply of diesel engine room from the emergency lighting box of the power supply and diesel-electricity switching. The lamps are all used in general factory lights, which is considered to be very reliable, but it is not. Imagine that once a fire broke out in the evening, the mains suddenly failed and the power was cut off. At this time, since the diesel-electric power supply has not been established, the dual power supply box has no power supply, and the diesel-electric motor room loses the most basic illumination for starting operation. Even if it is a self-starting unit, it may fail to start from the start, and manual auxiliary operation is required. That is to say, the standby lighting of the diesel engine room is set for the special requirements of establishing the standby power supply, so it is necessary to set the lamp with its own power supply as the Transition lighting, in accordance with the provisions of the "People's Regulations" 6.1.9.5, should meet the requirements of continuous power supply time of not less than 1 hour, illumination is not less than 35Lx, this should be given enough attention.
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